TNF and escherichia coli infection: Key processes included cytokine-mediated signaling pathways, such as TNF and IL-1 production and regulation; immune cell recruitment, involving leukocyte and myeloid chemotaxis and natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity; pathogen-host interactions, exemplified by Yersinia and Escherichia coli infections and antimicrobial defense mechanisms; and receptor-driven activation, highlighted by immune receptor activity (e.g., cytokine and G protein-coupled receptors).