KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed the involvement of various pathways related to the inflammatory response, such as cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, malaria, Chagas disease, inflammatory bowel disease, the IL-17 signaling pathway, and leishmaniasis, among the top 10 differentially expressed pathways (Fig. 5B), which supports the important role of κ‒OR in the macrophage-mediated anti-inflammatory response. Here, IL17A is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.