Future studies should leverage patient‐derived xenograft (PDX) models to assess the safety and efficacy of TGF‐β‐targeted therapies—such as NIS793, SAR439459, and PF‐06952229, currently under investigation in solid tumours69, 70, 71 —with promising preclinical results potentially guiding their clinical repurposing for PD‐1‐resistant HBV+ DLBCL. The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.