Although previous studies have shown that tumor tissue-based STK11, KEAP1, and CDKN2A/B mutations are adverse prognostic factors [51, 52], we further confirm that ctDNA-based STK11, KEAP1, and CDKN2A can predict unfavorable outcomes in patients with non-metastatic NSCLC. Here, KEAP1 is linked to neoplasm.