We focused on a cohort of patients with recurrent and surgically resectable recurrent grade 4 gliomas (N = 28, 24 IDH-wt GBM, 4 IDH-mutated grade 4 glioma), which were profiled for mRNA expression, and received neoadjuvant and/or adjuvant anti-PD1 therapy (Ivy Foundation Early Phase Clinical Trials Consortium)34. Here, IDH1 is linked to glioma.