INS and cancer: Surgery was associated with a lower rate of female-specific cancers in the two highest thirds (HRadj = 0.48; 95% CI [0.33, 0.72]; p < 0.001, and HRadj = 0.49; 95% CI [0.34, 0.70]; p < 0.001) (Fig 3C) with evidence of heterogeneity by insulin level (adjusted treatment–insulin interaction p = 0.021).