HSPA1A and pulmonary tuberculosis: Upregulated proteins in HSP macrophages included those encoding for Hsp70 family proteins (e.g., HSPA1A, HSPA1B, HSPA6, and HSPA8), which are known to modulate NF-κB–mediated release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from alveolar macrophages in pulmonary TB (Radons, 2016; Wang et al., 2017).