Interestingly, berberine nanoparticle-treated GDM rats demonstrated a significant elevation in fasting insulin levels, where a 2.75-fold and 2.4-fold elevation in fasting insulin was found in GDM rats treated by berberine nanoparticles at the low and high doses, respectively, in comparison with those treated by free berberine. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is gestational diabetes.