INS and gestational diabetes: Supporting this, the HOMA-IR scores revealed that insulin resistance was significantly reduced by 2.85-fold and 1.5-fold in GDM rats treated with the low and high doses of berberine nanoparticles, respectively, when compared with free-berberine, further verifying an improved response of the body’s cells to the insulin effect in the berberine nanoparticle-treated GDM rats.