Recent studies have made significant progress in elucidating the non-immune mechanisms by which Dex modulates the TME, primarily focusing on three key directions: First, in terms of signaling pathway regulation, the SGK1 inhibitor suppresses tumor cell survival signals, leading to a remarkable 68% reduction in metastatic lesions (55);Second, in the field of metabolic reprogramming, research has demonstrated that the LDHA inhibitor combined with a pH modulator, effectively blocks tumor glycolysis (56), significantly reducing lactate accumulation and thereby restoring T-cell function. Here, LDHA is linked to neoplasm.