TNF and COVID-19: Studies have shown that severe COVID-19 patients experience lymphopenia, T-cell exhaustion, an early humoral response marked by high antibody levels, and an exacerbated inflammatory response with elevated levels of IL-6, IL-8, CXCL10, IL-2, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-12, and IL-17, all of which contribute to tissue damage (17–19).