NFKB1 and systemic lupus erythematosus: In addition, lactylation exacerbates the inflammatory response in SLE patients by regulating the type I interferon pathway and inflammatory signaling pathways such as the NF-κB pathway (94), lactylation can enhance the nuclear translocation of IRF3 and NF-κB, thereby promoting the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6.