PPARγ plays dual roles in tumorigenesis: in the AOM/DSS-induced intestinal cancer model, astragaloside IV activates epithelial PPARγ to attenuate inflammation-induced DNA damage, thereby suppressing colon tumor formation (124); conversely, ZDHHC6 promotes colon tumorigenesis by palmitoylating and stabilizing PPARγ to enhance lipid biosynthesis (125). This evidence concerns the gene PPARG and infectious otitis media.