CTLA4 and Cirrhosis: Peripheral blood from individuals with cirrhosis has been shown to exhibit elevations in PD-1, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), and T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing 3 (TIM-3) on CD8+ cells, with parallel loss of cytotoxic capacity and reduced IFN-γ secretion (24), indicating attenuated T-cell activity.