Some animal studies have found that PAGln significantly increased the left atrial inner diameter (LAD) (33) and exacerbated the increase in plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) concentration as well as promoted the expression of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) mRNA in atrial tissue of heart failure (HF) mice. This evidence concerns the gene NPPA and heart failure.