Additionally, GO-antisense miRNA-21 complexes have been shown to alter cytokine expression in glioblastoma models, reducing intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) levels and modulating IL-6 and IL-8 secretion, further underscoring the capacity of GO-based materials to regulate immune signaling across different biological contexts [82]. Here, ICAM1 is linked to glioblastoma.