NFKB1 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: For instance, fucoidan and arctigenin enhance the gut barrier, elevate SCFA levels, and concurrently suppress the MAPK/NF-κB and TLR4/NF-κB pathways, thereby ameliorating obesity-associated pathologies (Wang N. et al., 2024; Zheng W. et al., 2024).