PPARG and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Pasteurized A. muciniphila has been shown to ameliorate obesity through multiple mechanisms including enhancing intestinal barrier integrity by upregulating ZO-1 and Occludin, enriching SCFA-producing bacteria, increasing circulating SCFA and GLP-1 levels, and regulating key metabolic pathways via upregulation of AMPK/PPAR-α and downregulation of PPARγ signaling (Yang L. et al., 2025).