OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; NYHA: New York Heart Association functional class; CKD: chronic kidney disease; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; ACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; mEq/L: milliequivalents per liter; pg/mL: picograms per milliliter; km: kilometer. Here, ACE is linked to chronic kidney disease.