Many molecules essential to islet function—including CD36 (regulates β-cell response to hyperglycemia and glucolipotoxicity), insulin receptor substrates IRS1 and IRS2, glucose transporters GLUT2, PPARG, and pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX1)—play key roles in the pathogenesis of diabetes (132, 133). The gene discussed is PDX1; the disease is diabetes mellitus.