These seemingly conflicting associations of APOE genotypes with altered odds of neuropathy may be due to population-specific modifier genes, baseline metabolic profiles, population-specific LD patterns and consanguinity effects in Middle Eastern vs. Northern European or East Asian cohorts (36, 37), environmental factors, diabetes type-specific pathophysiology (T1DM vs T2DM), and variations in neuropathy assessment criteria (1, 35). The gene discussed is APOE; the disease is diabetes mellitus.