A clinical study conducted in 2022 demonstrated that by using a mass spectrometry-based method to analyze the global proteome and phosphorylated proteome of exosomes in patients with prediabetes and T2DM, the results showed that the circulating exosomes in diabetic patients contained higher levels of specific phosphorylated kinases, such as protein kinase b-alpha (AKT1), glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3B), LYN, mitogen-activated protein kinase 2 (MAP2K2), myosin light chain kinase (MYLK_, and Protein Kinase C Delta (PRKCD). Here, AKT1 is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.