MDH1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Moreover, in hepatocellular carcinoma and osteoblasts, CARM1 induces complex metabolic reprogramming by methylating targets including Malate Dehydrogenase 1 (MDH1), Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and Protein Phosphatase 1 Catalytic Subunit Alpha (PPP1CA) (Zhong et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2023).