Through single-cell metabolic imaging via NADH fluorescence lifetime (FLIM) and analysis of Akt and ERK kinase activities, it was further demonstrated that breast cancer cells heavily rely on OXPHOS and Akt signaling within both 3D co-culture systems and murine models of ER + breast cancer metastasis in bone marrow (Buschhaus et al., 2020). Here, AKT1 is linked to breast carcinoma.