CTSS and atherosclerosis: In addition to promoting pulmonary arterial hypertension as mentioned earlier (Zhang et al., 2023),The overexpression of ADAR1 is also manifested in the upregulation of the editing of cathepsin S mRNA, a cysteine protease associated with atherosclerosis, leading to an increase in its protein expression and thereby promoting the progression of atherosclerosis (Stellos et al., 2016).