IRF3 and viral infectious disease: After HeLa cells are infected with the wild-type measles virus, ADAR1 can effectively suppress the viral infection by enhancing cell apoptosis (Toth et al., 2009), activating PKR and IRF3, inducing IFN-β (Li et al., 2012) and suppressing the stress granule response (Okonski and Samuel, 2013).