GDF15 and atherosclerosis: Furthermore, in pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, p-cresol sulfate incubation reduced contractility and increased the expression of growth/differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), a heart-derived hormone recently proposed as cardiovascular biomarker [24, 25], linked to subclinical atherosclerosis and higher mortality risk in hemodialysis (HD) population [26, 27].