ACE and chronic kidney disease: Erring on the side of additional intervention for a group with worse outcomes seemed clinically justified because the interventions that were examined in our cohort (such as commencing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blocker (ACEi/ARB) or SGLT2i, nutritional counseling) are generally low-risk and high-benefit for CKD. The idea of equalizing decisions versus equalizing results is touched upon here. Equalizing actual CKD outcomes across races (lowering the discrepancy in ESRD incidence) may be an ultimate fairness aim.