In insulin resistance, pancreatic β-cells compensatorily secrete more insulin in an attempt to maintain normal blood glucose, resulting in a sustained elevation of circulating insulin levels, and this chronic hyperinsulinaemia activates the sympathetic nervous system, promotes renal water and sodium reabsorption, activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RASS), and enhances vascular reactivity to vasoconstrictive substances, which together result in an increase in blood pressure (28, 29). Here, INS is linked to Insulin resistance.