SPP1 and neoplasm: By integrating myeloid-informed readouts (e.g., SPP1–TAM burden, cDC1 competency, serum IL-8) with PD-1–based regimens, EGFR-directed antibodies and myeloid checkpoints (CD47–SIRPα, PI3Kγ, CXCR1/2), emerging strategies aim to restore antigen presentation, improve lymphocyte trafficking and remodel tumor–stroma interfaces.