CD4 and neoplasm: In contrast, pooled analyses of 10 studies revealed that APS combination therapy significantly elevated peripheral blood CD4+ T-cell frequencies (SMD = 1.92, 95% CI [0.84, 3.00], p = 0.0005), while tumor-infiltrating and lymphoid tissue-resident CD4+ T-cell populations showed no significant alterations (all p > 0.05; Figure 7).