Research indicates that GLP-1 receptor agonists like liraglutide not only significantly reduce the UACR by activating the renal cAMP-PKA pathway (Yarlagadda et al., 2023) but also directly modulate glomerular hemodynamics and inhibit the TGF-β/Smad3 signaling pathway, thereby attenuating renal fibrosis progression (He et al., 2024b). Here, TGFB1 is linked to renal fibrosis.