INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Research shows that Polygonatum sibiricum Redouté polysaccharide (PSP) reduces IR indices in T2DM mice, increases oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and serum insulin levels, reduce free fatty acid content to enhancement lipid metabolism, and reduces glycated serum protein levels to promote glucose metabolism, therefore lowering blood glucose concentrations (Bo et al., 2024).