Furthermore, the influence of aging and systemic inflammation on PCa aggressiveness is increasingly recognized, with aging-associated secretory phenotypes and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, interleukin-8 (IL-8), and C-X-C motif (CXC) chemokines contributing to immune evasion and metastasis (Ullah et al., 2024). Here, IL6 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.