For instance, caffeic acid has been shown to suppress proliferation and induce apoptosis by inhibiting the Interleukin-6 (IL-6)/Janus kinase (JAK)/Signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3) signaling axis (Yin et al., 2024), while the flavonoid chrysin acts as an antiandrogen with specific cytotoxicity toward PCa cells harboring mutant androgen receptors (e.g., AR-T877A and AR-W741L), which are often linked to resistance against conventional antiandrogens in CRPC (Carranza-Aranda et al., 2024). Here, STAT3 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.