,51,52 Additionally, findings from another study in our group demonstrated that in embryonic bone tissues, TIGAR exhibited stronger co-localization with the osteoblast marker Runx2 compared to its co-localization with the osteoclast marker TRAP (Fig. S2), which indicated that TIGAR likely exerts its protective role against Dex-induced osteoporosis primarily through actions in osteoblasts. Here, TIGAR is linked to osteoporosis.