PRKN and breast carcinoma: Parkin is frequently deleted or mutated in cancers such as glioblastoma, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, and ovarian cancer.281–284 Experimental models have revealed that Parkin-knockout mice are highly susceptible to spontaneous hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).285 Loss of Parkin promotes tumorigenesis by disrupting mitophagy, leading to ROS accumulation, genomic instability, and resistance to apoptosis.