ARIH1 and cancer: Chemotherapeutic agents often induce mitochondrial damage in cancer cells, triggering mitophagy as a protective mechanism that promotes cancer cell survival and drives drug resistance.300,301 As mentioned previously, ARIH1-mediated mitophagy enhances chemoresistance in breast and lung adenocarcinomas by supporting tumor cell survival.300 Moreover, tumor cells express programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) to engage with PD-1 on T cells, thereby escaping antitumor immunity.