APP and neurodegenerative disease: AD is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease, characterized by amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and hyperphosphorylated Tau (pTau).208 Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are early events in AD pathogenesis.209 Functional mitochondria help to reduce aberrant amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing and prevent excessive Aβ accumulation.