Similar results were observed in Apcfl/fl-derived small intestinal crypt cultures following adenovirus-Cre-mediated knockout, as well as in human CRC Ls174.T cells, in which Apc knockout significantly reduced IFNγ-induced STAT1 phosphorylation and IRF1 expression (Supplementary information, Fig. S4c, d). Here, IRF1 is linked to colorectal carcinoma.