PTMs, including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, deubiquitination, glycosylation, palmitoylation, UFMylation, acetylation, SUMOylation, methylation, and ISGylation of PD-L1, contribute to microenvironmental remodeling, promoting immunosuppressive niches, facilitating tumor progression, and modulating therapeutic responsiveness to immunotherapies (Fig. 1). This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and neoplasm.