TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: In metabolic disorders such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), chronic low-grade inflammation plays a central role in disease pathogenesis.116–120 Adipose tissue, particularly in obese individuals, is an active endocrine organ that secretes proinflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ (interferon-γ), TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α), and IL-6 (interleukin-6).121–123 These factors contribute to the recruitment and persistent activation of T cells.