NFKB1 and periodontitis: Ligature-induced periodontitis leads to rapid but transient activation of NF-κB, p38, and ERK, whereas LPS-induced models show delayed but sustained signaling.172 Therapeutically, blocking NF-κB activation, either directly or by modulating upstream signals such as TLRs or TRAFs, has been shown to reduce periodontal inflammation and bone resorption.