CXCL12 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Numerous studies have demonstrated that the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis exhibits abnormal activation in a variety of autoimmune diseases, including psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), type 1 diabetes (T1D), and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), particularly ulcerative colitis (UC).