This is in contrast to Ag-specific CNP treatment during EAE (7), celiac disease (29), and T1D (8), where host Ag-specific CD4+ T cells would be expanded due to the ongoing immune response, and consequently, Ag-specific CNP treatment results in a significant increase in the number of host CTLA-4+, PD-1+, and FoxP3+ CD4+ T cells present within the spleen. Here, CTLA4 is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.