CD4 and diabetes mellitus: These included demographic factors (age, sex, residence, education level, occupation, marital status, income), clinical characteristics (family history of renal disease, BMI, WHO clinical stage, CD4 count), comorbidities (diabetes, hypertension, opportunistic infections), behavioral factors (smoking history, alcohol use), and ART-related variables (tenofovir-based regimen, regimen category, dosing frequency, treatment interruption history).