ISG15 and infection: In contrast to the RIG-I mRNA expression pattern, the ISG15 and TRIM25 mRNA levels in the Antibiotics Tre and the Antibiotics Pre + Tre groups were significantly greater than those in the Antibiotics Pre group, suggesting that antibiotic treatment after infection may contribute to the upregulation of the ISG15 and TRIM25 mRNAs (Figure 10C-D).