NFKB1 and cancer: Despite the most recent associations between NfkB and stemness have mostly been related to cancer stem cells (Mao et al., 2025), cytokines can activate NFkB by phosphorylating and ubiquitinating regulatory proteins, allowing their translocation into the nucleus for the transcription of key genes in NSCs proliferation, such as CYCLIN D1 (Widera et al., 2008).