During the water maze test, the treated APP/PS1 mice performed better, while rTg4510 mice showed a trend toward improved learning ability during training, although this improvement did not reach statistical significance, which might be caused by significant neuronal loss and hippocampal atrophy in rTg4510 mice at early adulthood, with BDNF administration could only partially improve spatial memory. Here, BDNF is linked to Atrophy.