Oxidized berberine reduces TNF-α levels by 55% in colonic tissues of 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis rats through inhibition of the macrophage NF-κB pathway, while simultaneously reducing neutrophil infiltration (40% decrease in MPO activity) (Li et al., 2023). Here, TNF is linked to colitis.