Beyond oncological applications, emerging evidence suggests a role for CgA and its cleavage products in several non-malignant conditions, including cardiovascular diseases (e.g., heart failure, myocardial infarction, hypertension), chronic inflammatory states (e.g., severe sepsis, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis), and metabolic disorders (e.g., diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome) (5, 6, 26). Here, CGA is linked to metabolic syndrome.