RET and Insulin resistance: In preclinical models, aerobic exercise and vitamin D supplementation have been shown to improve lipid metabolism and insulin resistance in T2DM models by modulating hepatic miR-33 expression (100, 101).We separate well-supported processes, namely ROS production at Complex I and III and stress-kinase signaling, from provisional mechanisms such as in-vivo RET amplification and miR-29 or miR-141 regulation of PGC-1α.