Promotes angiogenesis in human endothelial cells in a dose-dependent manner via the Akt, Src, and PKC pathways (133).Enhances the protein expression of angiogenic biomarkers (CXCR4, SDF-1α, and VEGF) (134).Increases the expression of endothelial markers and functional genes, PECAM1 and VEGF-A (135).Reduces the levels of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6) and improves hemodynamics in DKD patients (136). Here, TNF is linked to diabetic kidney disease.