In 2024, Sandra et al. (Munoz-Pinto et al., 2024) demonstrated that transplanting gut microbiota from Parkinson’s disease patients into wild-type male mice induced intestinal inflammation and α-synuclein aggregation within weeks, subsequently progressing to systemic inflammation, impaired intestinal barrier function, dopaminergic neuron loss in the substantia nigra, mitochondrial dysfunction, and PD-specific motor deficits. Here, SNCA is linked to Parkinson disease.