IL1B and mastitis: The additional inflammatory cytokines (including IL-1β) and DAMPs released by pyroptotic cells can further act on surrounding cells, inducing more ferroptosis and pyroptosis, thereby establishing a self-amplifying circuit: “Ferroptosis → DAMP release → NLRP3 activation/Pyroptosis→ Cytokine storm → More ferroptosis.” This mechanism has been experimentally confirmed in S. aureus-induced endometritis and mastitis, as well as in SARS-CoV-2-associated orchitis and systemic inflammatory responses, representing a significant cause of tissue destruction and disease severity (44, 108, 109).