CD44 and cancer: Notably, these molecular features were observed not only in breast carcinoma but also in ovarian cancer, suggesting a broader relevance of CD147-associated membrane complexes in multiple tumor types (121).In oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the co-expression of CD147 and CD44 has been shown to mark a subpopulation of cancer cells with cancer stem cell-like traits, a phenotype that has also been observed in other malignancies such as breast cancer (122, 123).